Changes between Initial Version and Version 15 of ldap


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Timestamp:
Nov 3, 2016, 8:26:34 AM (8 years ago)
Author:
admin
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  • ldap

    v1 v15  
     1= Setting Up Institutional IDP =
     2
     3OpenLDAP provides an LDAP directory service that is flexible and well-supported. In this lab, we will demonstrate how to encrypt connections to OpenLDAP using STARTTLS.
     4
     5== Setting the Hostname and FQDN ==
     6
     7Before you get started, make sure you set up our server so that it correctly resolves its hostname and fully qualified domain name (FQDN). This will be necessary in order for our certificates to be validated by clients.
     8
     9check FQDN by
     10{{{
     11hostname -f   
     12}}}
     13
     14== Install the OpenLDAP Server ==
     15
     16If you do not already have OpenLDAP installed, now is the time to fix that. Update your server's local package index and install the software by typing:
     17{{{
     18sudo apt-get update
     19sudo apt-get install slapd ldap-utils
     20}}}
     21   - Note: if your apt-get trying to use IPv6 and it does not get connected, you may add following flag at the of the apt-get command
     22
     23{{{
     24-o Acquire::ForceIPv4=true
     25}}}
     26You will be asked to provide an LDAP administrative password. Feel free to skip the prompt, as we will be reconfiguring immediately after.
     27
     28In order to access some additional prompts that we need, we'll reconfigure the package after installation. To do so, type:
     29{{{
     30sudo dpkg-reconfigure slapd
     31}}}
     32Answer the prompts appropriately, using the information below as a starting point:
     33
     34  - Omit OpenLDAP server configuration? '''No''' (we want an initial database and configuration)
     35  - DNS domain name: '''inst.ac.lk''' (use the server's domain name, minus the hostname. This will be used to create the base entry for the information tree)
     36  - Organization name: '''Example Inc''' (This will simply be added to the base entry as the name of your institute)
     37  - Administrator password: '''[whatever you'd like]'''
     38  - Confirm password: '''[must match the above]'''
     39  - Database backend to use: '''HDB''' (out of the two choices, this has the most functionality)
     40  - Do you want the database to be removed when slapd is purged? (your choice. Choose '''"Yes"''' to allow a completely clean removal, choose '''"No"''' to save your data even when the software is removed)
     41  - Move old database? '''Yes'''
     42  - Allow LDAPv2 protocol? '''No'''
     43
     44
     45== install the SSL Components ==
     46
     47Once your OpenLDAP server is configured, we can go ahead and install the packages we'll use to encrypt our connection. The Ubuntu OpenLDAP package is compiled against the GnuTLS SSL libraries, so we will use GnuTLS to generate our SSL credentials:
     48{{{
     49sudo apt-get install gnutls-bin ssl-cert
     50}}}
     51With all of our tools installed, we can begin creating the certificates and keys needed to encrypt our connections.
     52
     53
     54=== Create the Certificate Templates ===
     55
     56To encrypt our connections, we'll need to configure a certificate authority and use it to sign the keys for the LDAP server(s) in our infrastructure. So for our single server setup, we will need two sets of key/certificate pairs: one for the certificate authority itself and one that is associated with the LDAP service.
     57
     58To create the certificates needed to represent these entities, we'll create some template files. These will contain the information that the certtool utility needs in order to create certificates with the appropriate properties.
     59
     60Start by making a directory to store the template files:
     61
     62{{{
     63sudo mkdir /etc/ssl/templates
     64}}}
     65
     66
     67=== Create the CA Template ===
     68
     69Create the template for the certificate authority first. We'll call the file ca_server.conf. Create and open the file in your text editor:
     70
     71{{{
     72sudo nano /etc/ssl/templates/ca_server.conf
     73}}}
     74
     75We only need to provide a few pieces of information in order to successfully create a certificate authority. We need to specify that the certificate will be for a CA (certificate authority) by adding the ca option. We also need the cert_signing_key option to give the generated certificate the ability to sign additional certificates. We can set the cn to whatever descriptive name we'd like for our certificate authority:
     76
     77{{{
     78cn = LDAP Server CA
     79ca
     80cert_signing_key
     81Save and close the file.
     82}}}
     83
     84Save and close the file.
     85
     86
     87=== Create the LDAP Service Template ===
     88
     89Next, we can create a template for our LDAP server certificate called ldap_server.conf. Create and open the file in your text editor with sudo privileges:
     90
     91{{{
     92sudo nano /etc/ssl/templates/ldap_server.conf
     93}}}
     94
     95Here, we'll provide a few different pieces of information. We'll provide the name of our organization and set the tls_www_server, encryption_key, and signing_key options so that our cert has the basic functionality it needs.
     96
     97The cn in this template must match the FQDN of the LDAP server. If this value does not match, the client will reject the server's certificate. We will also set the expiration date for the certificate. We'll create a 10 year certificate to avoid having to manage frequent renewals:
     98'''ldapserver.conf'''
     99
     100{{{
     101organization = "Name of your institution"
     102cn = idp.inst.ac.lk
     103tls_www_server
     104encryption_key
     105signing_key
     106expiration_days = 3652
     107}}}
     108
     109Save and close the file when you're finished.
     110
     111=== Create CA Key and Certificate ===
     112
     113Now that we have our templates, we can create our two key/certificate pairs. We need to create the certificate authority's set first.
     114
     115Use the certtool utility to generate a private key. The '''/etc/ssl/private''' directory is protected from non-root users and is the appropriate location to place the private keys we will be generating. We can generate a private key and write it to a file called ca_server.key within this directory by typing:
     116
     117{{{
     118sudo certtool -p --outfile /etc/ssl/private/ca_server.key
     119}}}
     120Now, we can use the private key that we just generated and the template file we created in the last section to create the certificate authority certificate. We will write this to a file in the '''/etc/ssl/certs''' directory called ca_server.pem:
     121
     122{{{
     123sudo certtool -s --load-privkey /etc/ssl/private/ca_server.key --template /etc/ssl/templates/ca_server.conf --outfile /etc/ssl/certs/ca_server.pem
     124}}}
     125We now have the private key and certificate pair for our certificate authority. We can use this to sign the key that will be used to actually encrypt the LDAP session.
     126
     127=== Create LDAP Service Key and Certificate ===
     128
     129Next, we need to generate a private key for our LDAP server. We will again put the generated key in the '''/etc/ssl/private''' directory for security purposes and will call the file ldap_server.key for clarity.
     130
     131We can generate the appropriate key by typing:
     132
     133{{{
     134sudo certtool -p --sec-param high --outfile /etc/ssl/private/ldap_server.key
     135}}}
     136Once we have the private key for the LDAP server, we have everything we need to generate a certificate for the server. We will need to pull in almost all of the components we've created thus far (the CA certificate and key, the LDAP server key, and the LDAP server template).
     137
     138We will put the certificate in the '''/etc/ssl/certs''' directory and name it '''ldap_server.pem'''. The command we need is:
     139
     140{{{
     141sudo certtool -c --load-privkey /etc/ssl/private/ldap_server.key --load-ca-certificate /etc/ssl/certs/ca_server.pem --load-ca-privkey /etc/ssl/private/ca_server.key --template /etc/ssl/templates/ldap_server.conf --outfile /etc/ssl/certs/ldap_server.pem
     142}}}
     143
     144=== Give OpenLDAP Access to the LDAP Server Key ===
     145
     146We now have all of the certificates and keys we need. However, currently, our OpenLDAP process will be unable to access its own key.
     147
     148A group called ssl-cert already exists as the group-owner of the '''/etc/ssl/private''' directory. We can add the user our OpenLDAP process runs under (openldap) to this group:
     149
     150{{{
     151sudo usermod -aG ssl-cert openldap
     152}}}
     153Now, our OpenLDAP user has access to the directory. We still need to give that group ownership of the '''ldap_server.key''' file though so that we can allow read access. Give the ssl-cert group ownership over that file by typing:
     154
     155{{{
     156sudo chown :ssl-cert /etc/ssl/private/ldap_server.key
     157}}}
     158Now, give the ssl-cert group read access to the file:
     159
     160{{{
     161sudo chmod 640 /etc/ssl/private/ldap_server.key
     162}}}
     163Our OpenSSL process can now access the key file properly.
     164Configure OpenLDAP to Use the Certificate and Keys
     165
     166We have our files and have configured access to the components correctly. Now, we need to modify our OpenLDAP configuration to use the files we've made. We will do this by creating an LDIF file with our configuration changes and loading it into our LDAP instance.
     167
     168Move to your home directory and open a file called '''addcerts.ldif'''. We will put our configuration changes in this file:
     169{{{
     170cd ~
     171nano addcerts.ldif
     172}}}
     173To make configuration changes, we need to target the cn=config entry of the configuration DIT. We need to specify that we are wanting to modify the attributes of the entry. Afterwards we need to add the olcTLSCACertificateFile, olcCertificateFile, and olcCertificateKeyFile attributes and set them to the correct file locations.
     174
     175The end result will look like this:
     176'''addcerts.ldif'''
     177
     178{{{
     179dn: cn=config
     180changetype: modify
     181add: olcTLSCACertificateFile
     182olcTLSCACertificateFile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca_server.pem
     183-
     184add: olcTLSCertificateFile
     185olcTLSCertificateFile: /etc/ssl/certs/ldap_server.pem
     186-
     187add: olcTLSCertificateKeyFile
     188olcTLSCertificateKeyFile: /etc/ssl/private/ldap_server.key
     189}}}
     190Save and close the file when you are finished. Apply the changes to your OpenLDAP system using the ldapmodify command:
     191
     192{{{
     193sudo ldapmodify -H ldapi:// -Y EXTERNAL -f addcerts.ldif
     194}}}
     195We can reload OpenLDAP to apply the changes:
     196
     197{{{
     198sudo service slapd force-reload
     199}}}
     200Our clients can now be configured to encrypt their connections to the server over the conventional '''ldap://''' port by using STARTTLS.
     201
     202
     203== Setting up the Client Machines ==
     204
     205In order to connect to the LDAP server and initiate a STARTTLS upgrade, the clients must have access to the certificate authority certificate and must request the upgrade.
     206On the OpenLDAP Server
     207
     208If you are interacting with the OpenLDAP server from the server itself, you can set up the client utilities by copying the CA certificate and adjusting the client configuration file.
     209
     210First, copy the CA certificate from the '''/etc/ssl/certs''' directory to a file within the '''/etc/ldap''' directory. We will call this file ca_certs.pem. This file can be used to store all of the CA certificates that clients on this machine may wish to access. For our purposes, this will only contain a single certificate:
     211
     212{{{
     213sudo cp /etc/ssl/certs/ca_server.pem /etc/ldap/ca_certs.pem
     214}}}
     215Now, we can adjust the system-wide configuration file for the OpenLDAP utilities. Open up the configuration file in your text editor with sudo privileges:
     216
     217{{{
     218sudo nano /etc/ldap/ldap.conf
     219}}}
     220Adjust the value of the '''TLS_CACERT''' option to point to the file we just created:
     221'''/etc/ldap/ldap.conf'''
     222
     223{{{
     224TLS_CACERT /etc/ldap/ca_certs.pem
     225TLS_REQCERT allow
     226}}}
     227Save and close the file.
     228
     229You should now be able to upgrade your connections to use STARTTLS by passing the '''-Z''' option when using the OpenLDAP utilities. You can force STARTTLS upgrade by passing it twice. Test this by typing:
     230
     231{{{
     232ldapwhoami -H ldap:// -x -ZZ
     233}}}
     234This forces a STARTTLS upgrade. If this is successful, you should see:
     235{{{
     236STARTTLS success
     237
     238anonymous
     239}}}
     240If you mis-configured something, you will likely see an error like this:
     241
     242STARTTLS failure
     243{{{
     244ldap_start_tls: Connect error (-11)
     245additional info: (unknown error code)
     246}}}
     247
     248== Force Connections to Use TLS ==
     249
     250We've successfully configured our OpenLDAP server so that it can seamlessly upgrade normal LDAP connections to TLS through the STARTTLS process. However, this still allows unencrypted sessions, which may not be what you want.
     251
     252We will use an LDIF file to make the changes. Create the LDIF file in your home directory of '''IDP'''. We will call it '''forcetls.ldif''':
     253
     254{{{
     255nano forcetls.ldif
     256}}}
     257Inside, target the DN you want to force TLS on. In our case, this will be '''dn: olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config'''. We will set the changetype to "modify" and add the olcSecurity attribute. Set the value of the attribute to "'''tls=1'''" to force TLS for this DIT:
     258
     259{{{
     260dn: olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config
     261changetype: modify
     262add: olcSecurity
     263olcSecurity: tls=1
     264}}}
     265Save and close the file when you are finished.
     266
     267To apply the change, type:
     268
     269{{{
     270sudo ldapmodify -H ldapi:// -Y EXTERNAL -f forcetls.ldif
     271}}}
     272Reload the OpenLDAP service by typing:
     273
     274{{{
     275sudo service slapd force-reload
     276}}}
     277
     278Now, if you search the '''dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk''' DIT, you will be refused if you do not use the -Z option to initiate a STARTTLS upgrade:
     279
     280{{{
     281ldapsearch -H ldap:// -x -b "dc=example,dc=com" -LLL dn
     282}}}
     283TLS required failure
     284{{{
     285Confidentiality required (13)
     286Additional information: TLS confidentiality required
     287}}}
     288We can demonstrate that STARTTLS connections still function correctly:
     289
     290{{{
     291ldapsearch -H ldap:// -x -b "dc=example,dc=com" -LLL -Z dn
     292}}}
     293TLS required success
     294{{{
     295dn: dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     296dn: cn=admin,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     297}}}
     298
     299== Adding Initial Identity to your LDAP Directory Service ==
     300
     301Having setup LDAP Server and Client connection using STARTTLS, it is time add initial identity to you directory service. This include adding user credential and attributes, group information, etc.
     302The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) is a standard plain text data interchange format for representing LDAP directory content and update requests. LDIF conveys directory content as a set of records, one record for each object (or entry). It also represents update requests, such as Add, Modify, Delete, and Rename, as a set of records, one record for each update request.
     303
     304=== Creating initial LDIF ===
     305Open a new file named as initial.ldif using nano or vi editor. Then copy following ldif content and do necessary adjustments to match with you institute.
     306{{{
     307# group, inst.ac.lk
     308dn: ou=group,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     309description: learn groups
     310objectClass: top
     311objectClass: organizationalUnit
     312ou: group
     313# adm staf, group, inst.ac.lk
     314dn: cn=adm,ou=group,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     315cn: adm
     316description: System Admin Staff
     317gidNumber: 1000
     318objectClass: posixGroup
     319objectClass: top
     320
     321# acadamic staf, group, inst.ac.lk
     322dn: cn=acd,ou=group,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     323cn: acd
     324description: Acadamic Staff
     325gidNumber: 2000
     326objectClass: posixGroup
     327objectClass: top
     328
     329# students, group, inst.ac.lk
     330dn: cn=std,ou=group,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     331cn: bod
     332description: Students
     333gidNumber: 5000
     334objectClass: posixGroup
     335objectClass: top
     336
     337# servers, inst.ac.lk
     338dn: ou=servers,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     339description: inst servers that are LDAP clients
     340objectClass: top
     341objectClass: organizationalUnit
     342ou: servers
     343
     344# idp, servers, inst.ac.lk
     345dn: cn=idp,ou=servers,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     346cn: idp
     347description: Identity Server
     348ipHostNumber: 192.248.4.72
     349objectClass: top
     350objectClass: device
     351objectClass: ipHost
     352objectClass: simpleSecurityObject
     353userPassword: {crypt}idpldap
     354
     355# irs, servers, inst.ac.lk
     356dn: cn=irs,ou=servers,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     357cn: irs
     358description: IRS Server
     359ipHostNumber: 192.248.4.73
     360objectClass: top
     361objectClass: device
     362objectClass: ipHost
     363objectClass: simpleSecurityObject
     364userPassword: {crypt}irsldap
     365
     366# people, inst.ac.lk
     367dn: ou=people,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     368description: inst users
     369objectClass: top
     370objectClass: organizationalUnit
     371ou: people
     372
     373# testme, people, inst.ac.lk
     374dn: uid=testme,ou=people,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk
     375cn: Test Me
     376departmentNumber: LEARN
     377employeeNumber: 02
     378employeeType: Test Account
     379facsimileTelephoneNumber: 081 2003032
     380gecos: Test Me
     381gidNumber: 1000
     382givenName: Test Me
     383homeDirectory: /home/testme
     384homePhone: none
     385homePostalAddress: none
     386initials: T M
     387jpegPhoto: none
     388labeledURI: none
     389loginShell: /usr/local/bin/bash
     390mobile: none
     391objectClass: person
     392objectClass: organizationalPerson
     393objectClass: inetOrgPerson
     394objectClass: posixAccount
     395objectClass: top
     396objectClass: shadowAccount
     397shadowExpire: 14940
     398shadowFlag: 134538484
     399shadowInactive: 0
     400shadowLastChange: 14483
     401shadowMax: 13100
     402shadowMin: 0
     403shadowWarning: 7
     404sn: Test
     405telephoneNumber: 3032
     406uid: testme
     407uidNumber: 1001
     408userPassword: testme
     409}}}
     410Note that user passwords are not encrypted (in clear text format).
     411
     412=== Adding LDIF to LDAP ===
     413Use ldapadd command to add new entries to your LDAP server. You may need to enter LDAP admin password.
     414
     415{{{
     416ldapadd -H ldap:// -x -D "cn=admin,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk" -W -Z -f initial.ldif
     417}}}
     418
     419== LDAP Bind ==
     420
     421{{{
     422ldapsearch -H ldap:// -x -D "cn=admin,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk" -W -Z -b "dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk"
     423}}}
     424Note that Clear-Text userPassword enconded in '''base64'''
     425
     426== Deleting ldap entity ==
     427
     428{{{
     429ldapdelete -H ldap:// "uid=user,ou=people,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk" -D "cn=admin,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk" -Z -W
     430}}}
     431
     432== Setting LDAP Access Control ==
     433
     434You can simply see the existing ACLs by
     435{{{
     436ldapsearch -Y EXTERNAL -H ldapi:/// -b cn=config 'olcDatabase={1}hdb'
     437}}}
     438Create new file named acc1.ldif with following modification to ACLs. This will provide your irs to read users passwords.
     439{{{
     440dn: olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config
     441changetype: modify
     442replace: olcAccess
     443olcAccess: {0}to attrs=userPassword by self write by anonymous auth by dn.children="ou=servers,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk" read by * none
     444olcAccess: {1}to attrs=shadowLastChange by self write by * read
     445olcAccess: {2}to * by * read
     446}}}
     447
     448Use following command to externally modify the ACLs
     449
     450{{{
     451ldapmodify -Y EXTERNAL -H ldapi:/// -f acc1.ldif
     452}}}
     453
     454== Install phpLDAPadmin to Manage LDAP with a Web Interface (Optional) ==
     455
     456Although it is very possible to administer LDAP through the command line, most users will find it easier to use a web interface. We're going to install phpLDAPadmin, which provides this functionality, to help remove some of the friction of learning the LDAP tools.
     457
     458The Ubuntu repositories contain the phpLDAPadmin package. You can install it by first login to your IDP and then typing:
     459
     460{{{
     461sudo apt-get install phpldapadmin apache2-utils
     462}}}
     463Edit configuration file to make following adjustments
     464
     465{{{
     466nano /etc/phpldapadmin/config.php
     467}}}
     468{{{
     469$servers->setValue('server','host','localhost');
     470$servers->setValue('server','base',array('dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk'));
     471$servers->setValue('login','bind_id','cn=admin,dc=inst,dc=ac,dc=lk');
     472$config->custom->appearance['hide_template_warning'] = true;
     473$servers->setValue('server','tls',true);
     474}}}
     475Create SSL Certificate for you apache web server
     476
     477{{{
     478sudo mkdir /etc/apache2/ssl
     479}}}
     480Next, we can create the key and certificate in one movement by typing:
     481
     482{{{
     483sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key -out /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt
     484}}}
     485=== Create a Password Authentication File ===
     486
     487We also want to password protect our phpLDAPadmin location. Even though phpLDAPadmin has password authentication, this will provide an extra level of protection.
     488
     489{{{
     490sudo htpasswd -c /etc/apache2/htpasswd testme
     491}}}
     492
     493Then enter your password.
     494
     495=== Secure Apache ===
     496
     497The first thing we should do is enable the SSL module in Apache. We can do this by typing:
     498
     499{{{
     500sudo a2enmod ssl
     501}}}
     502This will enable the module, allowing us to use it. We still need to configure Apache to take advantage of this though.
     503
     504Currently, Apache is reading a file called 000-default.conf for regular, unencrypted HTTP connections. We need to tell it to redirect requests for our phpLDAPadmin interface to our HTTPS interface so that the connection is encrypted.
     505
     506When we redirect traffic to use our SSL certificates, we'll also implement the password file to authenticate users. While we're modifying things, we'll also change the location of the phpLDAPadmin interface itself to minimize targeted attacks.
     507
     508=== Configure the HTTP Virtual Host ===
     509
     510Next, we need to modify our current Virtual Hosts file. Open it with root privileges in your editor:
     511
     512{{{
     513sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
     514}}}
     515
     516The changes we discussed will end up looking like this. Modify the items in bold with your own values:
     517
     518{{{
     519<VirtualHost *:80/>
     520ServerAdmin webmaster@inst.ac.lk
     521DocumentRoot /var/www/html
     522ServerName idp.inst.ac.lk
     523Redirect permanent /phpldapadmin https://idp.inst.ac.lk/phpldapadmin
     524ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
     525CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
     526</VirtualHost>
     527}}}
     528
     529=== Configure the HTTPS Virtual Host File ===
     530
     531Apache includes a default SSL Virtual Host file. However, it is not enabled by default.
     532
     533We can enable it by typing:
     534
     535{{{
     536sudo a2ensite default-ssl.conf
     537}}}
     538
     539This will link the file from the sites-available directory into the sites-enabled directory. We can edit this file now by typing:
     540
     541{{{
     542sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf
     543}}}
     544
     545This file is a bit more involved than the last one, so we will only discuss the changes that we have to make. All of the changes below should go within the Virtual Host block in the file.
     546
     547First of all, set the ServerName value to your server's domain name or IP address again and change the ServerAdmin directive as well:
     548
     549{{{
     550ServerAdmin webmaster@inst.ac.lk
     551ServerName idp.inst.ac.lk
     552}}}
     553Next, we need to set the SSL certificate directives to point to the key and certificate that we created. The directives should already exist in your file, so just modify the files they point to:
     554
     555{{{
     556SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt
     557SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key
     558}}}
     559The last thing we need to do is set up the location block that will implement our password protection for the entire phpLDAPadmin installation.
     560
     561We do this by referencing the location where we are serving the phpLDAPadmin and setting up authentication using the file we generated. We will require anyone attempting to access this content to authenticate as a valid user:
     562
     563{{{
     564<Location /phpldapadmin>
     565AuthType Basic
     566AuthName "Restricted Files"
     567AuthUserFile /etc/apache2/htpasswd
     568Require valid-user
     569</Location>
     570}}}
     571Save and close the file when you are finished.
     572
     573Restart Apache to implement all of the changes that we have made:
     574
     575{{{
     576sudo service apache2 restart
     577}}}
     578We can now move on to the actual interface.
     579
     580''https://idp.inst.ac.lk/phpldapadmin/''
     581
     582Enter your apache password first and then ldap admin password
     583
     584